Measures to Increase Surplus Value

1. Increase Absolute Surplus Value
- Extend working days: Make workers work longer hours (for example: overtime), while wages remain the same or increase insignificantly.
- Increase labor intensity: Require workers to work faster, under more stress within the same period (for example: speed up conveyor belts, set higher production targets).
Note: This method focuses on extending working time or increasing labor intensity without changing the necessary working time (the time needed for the reproduction of labor power, enough for workers to live and work).
2. Increase Relative Surplus Value
- Increase labor productivity: This is a key factor. By applying scientific and technological advancements, modern machinery, and optimized production processes, businesses can produce more within the same period.
- Reduce essential commodity costs: When labor productivity in consumer goods sectors (such as food, clothing, housing, etc.) increases, the prices of these items decrease.
Note: This method is more effective and more common in modern production. It does not extend working days but focuses on reducing the necessary labor time for the reproduction of labor power (reducing the value of labor power).
3. Increase Surplus Value Beyond Norm
This is a special form of relative surplus value, temporarily existing for a specific enterprise. A pioneering business adopts the most advanced new technology, making their labor productivity higher than the industry average. They sell products at a slightly lower price than the general market, still earning higher profits than the average. The difference in profit margins exceeding competitors is the super-normal surplus value.
Note: However, when this technology becomes widespread across the industry, this advantage will disappear, and super-normal surplus value will vanish, transforming into general relative surplus value for society as a whole.

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