سلسلة التوريد العالمية لليثيوم من تسلا: كيف يضمن صانع السيارات الكهربائية مواد البطاريات عبر قارات متعددة

صعود تسلا كصانع رائد للمركبات الكهربائية يعتمد بشكل كبير على قدرته على تأمين إمدادات موثوقة من الليثيوم—المعدن الحاسم الذي يشغل بطاريات السيارات الكهربائية الحديثة. مع استقرار الأسعار بعد أن وصلت إلى مستويات قياسية في 2021-2022، تحولت الشركة من الشراء الذعر إلى بناء محفظة استراتيجية، بالتعاون مع مصنعي وموردي البطاريات عبر آسيا وأمريكا الشمالية وأمريكا الجنوبية لبناء شبكة إمداد مرنة.

الحالة الحالية لأسعار الليثيوم وديناميكيات السوق

عندما ارتفعت أسعار الليثيوم بشكل كبير في أوائل العقد 2020، اعترف إيلون ماسك علنًا بالأزمة. خلال مكالمة أرباح منتصف 2023، قال إن “أسعار الليثيوم أصبحت جنونية تمامًا لفترة من الوقت.” بحلول 2024، ومع ذلك، عكس السوق مساره، حيث انخفضت الأسعار مع تباطؤ نمو مبيعات السيارات الكهربائية في الأسواق الرئيسية بسبب الرياح الاقتصادية وارتفاع أسعار الفائدة. هذا التصحيح كان له جانب مشرق: وفقًا لأبحاث جولدمان ساكس، بلغت تكاليف بطاريات السيارات الكهربائية أدنى مستوياتها على الإطلاق ومن المتوقع أن تنخفض بنسبة 40 بالمئة أخرى بين 2023 و2025.

انخفاض تكاليف البطاريات يفيد المستهلكين مباشرة، ويقرب السيارات الكهربائية من التساوي في السعر مع محركات الاحتراق التقليدية—وهو الحد الذي يعتقد محللو الصناعة أنه سيفتح الباب لاعتماد السوق الشامل. ومع ذلك، فإن هذا البيئة السعرية المواتية تخفي تحديًا هيكليًا أعمق: تأمين إمداد مستمر لا يزال حاسمًا، خاصة مع استمرار توسع الإنتاج العالمي للسيارات الكهربائية.

بناء محفظة موردين متنوعة

يعكس نهج تسلا في إمدادات الليثيوم الدروس المستفادة خلال تقلبات الأسعار. بدلاً من الاعتماد على مصدر واحد، قامت الشركة بتطوير علاقات مع عدة موردين يعملون في مراحل مختلفة من سلسلة القيمة.

اتفاقيات إمداد رئيسية:

في نهاية 2021، وقعت تسلا عقد إمداد لليثيوم لمدة ثلاث سنوات مع شركة غانفنغ ليثيوم، أحد أكبر منتجي الليثيوم في العالم. بدأت الشركة الصينية في تسليمات إلى تسلا في 2022. بشكل منفصل، تحافظ شركة أركاديوم ليثيوم—وهي عملية تعدين رئيسية ستُستحوذ عليها شركة ريو تينتو—على عقود إمداد نشطة مع الشركة المصنعة للسيارات الكهربائية.

تمثل مجموعة شراكات الصين مع شركة Sichuan Yahua Industrial Group another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another another